Important Updates for Investors
Carla Pasternak's Premiere Issue of High-Yield International Just
Released
Income expert Carla Pasternak's debut issue of High-Yield
International covers a Taiwanese manufacturer yielding 9.5%... a
rare Mexican monopoly yielding 13.4%... and other top-performing
investments yielding up to 19.0%.
Government's Biofuel Timetable Could Spell +15,900% Growth
+15,900% growth might seem far-fetched... but it's not. In fact, it
is mandated by law. And I've identified the ONLY stock positioned to
capture this growth.
The
Silver Lining to a Falling Dollar
Despite the U.S. national debt, there is a silver lining for income
investors. This massive spending, combined with movement out of U.S.
Treasuries, is going to take its toll on the dollar, and
international income investors could reap the rewards in the form of
higher dividends. |
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| Annual
Percentage Rate (APR) |
What It Is:
APR is the interest rate that reflects all the costs of the loan, including
fees, points, and other directly related costs. APR is not the same as Annual
Percentage Yield (APY).
The oversimplified formula for APR is:
(Periodic interest rate) x (number of periods) = APR
In the real world, however, there are four methods to calculate APR: the
actuarial method, the direct-ratio method, the constant-ratio method, and the
N-ratio method. Lenders use the actuarial method most often, but it requires a
computer to calculate because the formulas are very complicated and vary with
the loan structure. Appendix J of Regulation Z in the Consumer Credit Protection
Act provides the formulas, conditions, and examples of use of the actuarial
method.
Visit
http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/laws/rules/6500-1950.html#6500appendixjtopart226
for the formulas behind the actuarial method.
The direct-ratio formula is:
APR = 6MC / [3P(N+1) + C(N+1)]
Where:
M = number of payments per year
N = total number of payments
C = total finance charges
P = original loan proceeds
The constant-ratio formula is:
APR = 2MC / [P(N+1)]
The N-ratio formula is:
M(95N + 9)C / [12N(N+1)(4P+C)]
How It Works/Example:
Let’s assume XYZ Company borrows $1,000, which it must repay over 24 months.
It has to pay $100 in closing costs to the lender. The nominal annual interest
rate on the loan is 10%, compounded monthly. Below is the amortization schedule
for this loan.
The APR under the direct-ratio method is:
APR = (6*12*$207.48) / [3*$1,000*(24+1) + $207.48(24+1)] = $14,938.56 / $80,187
= 18.63%
The direct-ratio method tends to understate the actual APR. Note that the APR in
this example is considerably higher than the 10% nominal interest rate used to
calculate the payments. This is because the APR incorporates the closing costs,
which are part of the cost of borrowing this money.
The APR under the constant-ratio method is:
APR = (2*12*$207.48) / [$1,000*(24+1)] = $4,979.52 / $25,000 = 19.92%
The constant-ratio method tends to overestimate the actual APR.
The APR under the N-ratio method is:
APR = [12*(95*24+9)*$207.48] / [12*24(24+1)(4*$1,000 + $207.48)] = $5,699,060.64
/ $30,293,856 = 18.812%
The N-ratio method tends to give an APR closer to the “real” (actuarial
method) APR.
Why It Matters:
Lenders offer a multitude of interest-rate structures, fees, private mortgage
insurance, and points. Knowing a loan’s APR tells the borrower what the true
cost of borrowing is because it includes all of the fees directly related to the
loan, not just the interest payments.
The onus of calculating APRs is on the lender, not the borrower. Federal
regulations require lenders to disclose a loan’s APR in large type,
and the Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968 (also known as the Truth in
Lending Act) requires lenders to disclose a loan’s finance charges and
its APR so that borrowers can meaningfully compare loans.
However, the fact that there is more than one way to calculate an APR
complicates the task of comparing APRs. Additionally, APR calculations are based
on fixed interest rates; adjustable rates carry ever-changing APRs. Further, it
is important that a borrower compare loans with identical maturities. A shorter
loan could have a lower interest rate but a higher APR, because the loan fees
amortize over a shorter period of time. For these reasons, some borrowers turn
to good faith estimates from lenders to compare loan fees directly rather than
compare the APRs.
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